Org. Synth. 1948, 28, 35
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.028.0035
trans-1,2-CYCLOHEXANEDIOL
[1,2-Cyclohexanediol, trans-]
Submitted by Alan Roebuck and Homer Adkins.
Checked by Arthur C. Cope and Claude F. Spencer.
1. Procedure
Caution! Reactions and subsequent operations involving peracids and peroxy compounds should be run behind a safety shield. For relatively fast reactions, the rate of addition of the peroxy compound should be slow enough so that it reacts rapidly and no significant unreacted excess is allowed to build up. The reaction mixture should be stirred efficiently while the peroxy compound is being added, and cooling should generally be provided since many reactions of peroxy compounds are exothermic. New or unfamiliar reactions, particularly those run at elevated temperatures, should be run first on a small scale. Reaction products should never be recovered from the final reaction mixture by distillation until all residual active oxygen compounds (including unreacted peroxy compounds) have been destroyed. Decomposition of active oxygen compounds may be accomplished by the procedure described in Korach, M.; Nielsen, D. R.; Rideout, W. H. Org. Synth. 1962, 42, 50 (Org. Synth. 1973, Coll. Vol. 5, 414). [Note added January 2011].
One hundred and forty milliliters of 30% hydrogen peroxide (1.4 moles) (Note 1) is added to 600 ml. of 88% formic acid (13.7 moles) (Note 2) in a 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with a thermometer and a motor-driven stirrer. Freshly distilled cyclohexene (82 g., 1.0 mole) (Note 3) is added slowly from a dropping funnel over a period of 20–30 minutes while the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained between 40° and 45° by cooling with an ice bath and by controlling the rate of addition (Note 4). The reaction mixture is kept at 40° for 1 hour after all the cyclohexene has been added, and then it is allowed to stand overnight at room temperature.
The formic acid and water are removed by distillation from a steam bath under reduced pressure. An ice-cold solution of 80 g. of sodium hydroxide in 150 ml. of water is added in small portions to the residual viscous mixture of the diol and its formates, with care that the temperature of the mixture does not exceed 45°. The alkaline solution is warmed to 45°, and an equal volume (350 ml.) or more of ethyl acetate is added. After thorough extraction, the lower layer is separated and extracted at 45° six times with equal volumes of ethyl acetate. The seven ethyl acetate solutions (Note 5) are combined (total volume about 2.1 l.), and the solvent is distilled from a steam bath until the residual volume is 300–350 ml. and the solid product begins to crystallize. The mixture is cooled to 0°, and the product is separated by filtration (77–90 g., melting in the range of 90–98°). The mother liquor is concentrated on a steam bath to a volume of 65–75 ml., and more solid crystallizes. The mixture is cooled and filtered as before and yields an additional 4–15 g. of crude product melting in the range of 80–89°. trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol, b.p. 120–125°/4 mm., is obtained by distillation of the combined crude products, with the use of an oil bath and a flask having a side arm and an air condenser sufficiently wide that they will not become plugged as the product solidifies (Note 6). The yield of product of m.p. 101.5–103° is 75–85 g. (65–73%) (Note 7).
2. Notes
1.
The concentration of the
hydrogen peroxide may be determined by titration with
0.2 N potassium permanganate in acid solution.
2.
Less
formic acid than is specified may be used, but the yields are lower and the reaction is not so easily controlled.
3.
The
cyclohexene used may be the commercial product or it may be prepared from
cyclohexanol.
14.
If the temperature rises above 45°, the reaction may be stopped by discontinuing the stirring.
5.
The total quantity of
ethyl acetate required is less if the first three extractions are combined and the solvent required for successive extractions is distilled at a steam bath from this solution.
6.
If there is an appreciable quantity of solid residue in the flask, it may be dissolved in hot water and crystallized by cooling in ice. The crystals of
cyclohexanediol, after being dried, may be distilled as described above.
7.
The product can be recrystallized from
ethyl acetate.
3. Discussion
The method described is essentially that of Swern, Billen, Findley, and Scanlan.
2 In addition to the performic acid method,
3 trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol may be obtained through hydrolysis of the monoacetate
4,5 or
cyclohexene oxide.
4 It has also been obtained by a
peracetic acid oxidation of
cyclohexene with
tungsten trioxide,
6 and as a by-product in several instances.
7,8 cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol has been prepared by reaction of
cyclohexene with
hydrogen peroxide in
tert-butyl alcohol with
osmium tetroxide as a catalyst.
6,9 Mixtures of
cis and
trans isomers have resulted from the hydrogenation
(Raney nickel) of
catechol,
10,11 and the
sodium-
alcohol12 or catalytic
13 reduction of
adipoin.
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
adipoin
alcohol (64-17-5)
ethyl acetate (141-78-6)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
Cyclohexanol (108-93-0)
potassium permanganate (7722-64-7)
Cyclohexene (110-83-8)
formic acid (64-18-6)
Raney nickel (7440-02-0)
sodium (13966-32-0)
Catechol (120-80-9)
hydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1)
Cyclohexene oxide (286-20-4)
cyclohexanediol
peracetic acid (79-21-0)
tungsten trioxide
osmium tetroxide (20816-12-0)
tert-butyl alcohol (75-65-0)
trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol,
1,2-Cyclohexanediol, trans- (1460-57-7)
cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol (1792-81-0)
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