Org. Synth. 1948, 28, 38
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.028.0038
4,7-DICHLOROQUINOLINE
[Quinoline, 4,7-dichloro-]
Submitted by Charles C. Price and Royston M. Roberts
1.
Checked by J. R. Roland and R. S. Schreiber.
1. Procedure
A.
Ethyl α-carbethoxy-β-m-chloroanilinoacrylate. A few boiling chips are added to a mixture of
127.5 g. (1.0 mole) of m-chloroaniline (Note 1) and
233 g. (1.1 moles) of ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (p. 395) (Note 2) in an open
500-ml. round-bottomed flask. The mixture is heated on a
steam bath for 1 hour, the evolved
ethanol being allowed to escape. The warm product is used directly in the next step
(Note 3).
B. 7-Chloro-4-hydroxy-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. In a 5-l. round-bottomed flask equipped with an air condenser 1 l. of Dowtherm A (Note 4) is heated to vigorous boiling, and the product of the above step is poured in through the condenser. Heating is continued for 1 hour, during which time a large proportion of the cyclization product crystallizes. The mixture is cooled, filtered, and washed with two 400-ml. portions of Skellysolve B (b.p. 61–70°) to remove the major portion of colored impurities. The air-dried filter cake (Note 5) is mixed with 1 l. of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide, and the mixture is refluxed vigorously until all the solid ester dissolves (about 1 hour). The saponification mixture is cooled, and the aqueous solution is separated from any oil that may be present. The solution is acidified to Congo red paper with concentrated hydrochloric acid (ca. 270 ml. of the 38% acid, sp. gr. 1.19) or 10% sulfuric acid. The 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, weight 190–220 g. (85–98%), is collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with water. The dry acid melts at about 266° with effervescence (Note 6).
C. 7-Chloro-4-quinolinol and 4,7-dichloroquinoline. The above air-dried acid (Note 7) is suspended in 1 l. of Dowtherm A in a 2-l. flask equipped with a stirrer and a reflux condenser. The mixture is boiled for 1 hour under a stream of nitrogen to assist in the removal of the water (Note 8). The clear, light-brown solution is cooled to room temperature, and 90 ml. (150 g., 0.98 mole) of phosphorus oxychloride is added. The temperature is raised to 135–140°, and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is cooled and poured into a separatory funnel. The portion of the mixture adhering to the flask is rinsed into the funnel with ether, and the solution is washed with three 500-ml. portions of 10% hydrochloric acid. The combined acid extracts are cooled in ice and neutralized with 10% sodium hydroxide to precipitate the 4,7-dichloroquinoline. The solid is collected, washed thoroughly with water, and dried; it weighs 130–145 g. (66–73%) and melts at 80–82°. The pure product is obtained by one recrystallization from Skellysolve B (b.p. 61–70°); weight 110–120 g. (55–60%), m.p. 84–85°.
2. Notes
1.
The checkers found it desirable to distil the
m-chloroaniline through a
20-plate column, the fraction boiling at
64–66°/18 mm. being collected for use in this preparation.
2.
A good criterion of the purity of the
ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is the refractive index; material of
n2D > 1.4600 is satisfactory. The checkers redistilled the
ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate through a 1 by 12 in.
bead-packed column just before use and employed the fraction boiling at
112–115°/0.1 mm.,
n25D 1.4604.
3.
The
anilinoacrylate can be recrystallized from low-boiling
petroleum ether as slender white needles, m.p.
55–56°.
4.
Dowtherm A, a mixture of
biphenyl and
diphenyl ether, may be replaced by
diphenyl ether. The high-boiling solvent is most conveniently heated to its boiling point (ca.
250°) by an electric heating mantle.
5.
The yield of ester isolated at this point is
215–240 g. (
85–95%), m.p.
295–297°.
6.
The acid can be recrystallized from
ethanol as fine white needles melting with decomposition at
273–274°.
7.
The acid need not be dry if care is taken to remove water during the decarboxylation in boiling Dowtherm.
8.
If the
7-chloro-4-quinolinol is desired, it is more convenient to effect the decarboxylation without a solvent.
2
3. Discussion
4,7-Dichloroquinoline has been prepared through a somewhat similar scheme from
m-chloroaniline and oxaloacetic ester
3 or
formylacetic ester.
4 The synthesis outlined above can be modified in various ways.
2,5,6,7
The procedure has been utilized on a large scale in the preparation of several thousand pounds of
4,7-dichloroquinoline, essentially as described above. It has also been applied successfully to many other aromatic amines, including
aniline,
8 o-,
9 and
m-,
9 and
p-anisidine,
3 3,4-dimethylaniline,
3 o-nitroaniline,
8 p-chloroaniline,
8 m- and
p-phenoxyaniline,
8 p-dimethylaminoaniline,
8 3,4-dimethoxyaniline,
8 3-aminopyridine,
3 o-phenylenediamine,
10 and
8-aminoquinoline.
10
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
petroleum ether
Dowtherm A
Skellysolve B
formylacetic ester
ethanol (64-17-5)
sulfuric acid (7664-93-9)
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
ether (60-29-7)
aniline (62-53-3)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
nitrogen (7727-37-9)
Phosphorus Oxychloride (21295-50-1)
Biphenyl (92-52-4)
3,4-dimethoxyaniline (6315-89-5)
diphenyl ether (101-84-8)
3,4-Dimethylaniline (95-64-7)
4,7-Dichloroquinoline,
Quinoline, 4,7-dichloro- (86-98-6)
ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate
7-Chloro-4-hydroxy-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (86-47-5)
anilinoacrylate
7-chloro-4-quinolinol (86-99-7)
3-Aminopyridine (462-08-8)
8-aminoquinoline (578-66-5)
o-Phenylenediamine (95-54-5)
o-NITROANILINE (88-74-4)
m-chloroaniline (108-42-9)
p-chloroaniline (106-47-8)
p-anisidine (104-94-9)
p-dimethylaminoaniline (99-98-9)
Ethyl α-carbethoxy-β-m-chloroanilinoacrylate (3412-99-5)
p-phenoxyaniline (139-59-3)
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