Org. Synth. 1942, 22, 86
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.022.0086
D-MANNOSE
Submitted by J. T. Sheehan and W. Freudenberg.
Checked by Homer Adkins, Winston Wayne, and Richard Juday.
1. Procedure
A solution of
200 g. (1.03 moles) of α-methyl-d-mannoside [
Org. Syntheses Coll. Vol. 1, 362 (1932),
371 (1941)] in
3.2 l. of 2 N sulfuric acid (178 ml. concentrated sulfuric acid diluted to 3.2 l.) is steamdistilled from a
5-l. flask for 1 hour. The flask is heated externally during this time so that the volume of the solution remains constant. The mixture is transferred to a
2- or 3-gal. crock,
10 g. of decolorizing charcoal (Norit) is added, and the solution is rapidly stirred while it is neutralized (litmus) by the addition of
barium carbonate (Note 1).
The mixture is filtered with suction through an asbestos mat supported on a filter paper in a 25-cm. Büchner funnel, and the barium sulfate is washed with two 100-ml. portions of water. The filtrate and washings are combined, and the clear colorless solution of the sugar is concentrated to about 300 ml. under reduced pressure (water pump) on a water bath whose temperature does not exceed 60°. The mixture is filtered, and the solid is washed on the filter with a little water. The combined filtrate and washings are then concentrated to a volume of 100 ml. under the conditions described above. The warm, slightly tan-colored syrup is poured into a 500-ml. Erlenmeyer flask. The transfer is completed by rinsing the distilling flask five times with 40-ml. portions of glacial acetic acid, each portion of the acetic acid being warmed to 50° in the bath before it is transferred. The acetic acid solution of the sugar is seeded with crystalline D-mannose (Note 2), and, after standing overnight at room temperature, the solution is placed in a refrigerator for a day or two.
The crystalline D-mannose is filtered and washed successively with two 20-ml. portions of cold glacial acetic acid, two 20-ml. portions of cold dry ethanol, and three 30-ml. portions of cold, dry ether (Note 3). After drying in the air for 3 days, the product weighs 112 to 115 g. (60%) (Note 4) and melts at 126.5–127.5° (Note 5).
2. Notes
1.
The calculated quantity of pure
barium carbonate required to neutralize the sulfuric acid is 630 g. However, the checkers found that the mixture was still acid after stirring it for 2–3 hours with
780 g. of carbonate. An additional
100 g. of carbonate was required to bring the mixture to the neutral point. The checkers found that it was preferable to add
975 g. of barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2· 8H2O], stir for 30 minutes, and then to complete the neutralization by stirring with
75 g. of barium carbonate.
2.
Crystallization may be induced by scratching with a
glass rod if crystalline
D-mannose is not available.
3.
The sugar should be ground with each portion of the wash liquid, if the maximum purification with the minimum amount of solvent is to be obtained.
4.
The submitters obtained
18–19 g. of crystalline
D-mannose from the mother liquors, which increased the yield to about
70% of the theoretical amount.
5.
The sugar so prepared is said to be predominately
α-D-mannose. If a purer product is desired, the substance may be recrystallized from
80% ethanol. This procedure gives a product which melts at
131–132°;
α23D + 15°. The recovery in this crystallization is about
80%.
3. Discussion
D-Mannose has been prepared by hydrolysis of the mannan in vegetable ivory,
1,2,3 but the crystalline sugar is apparently best obtained from mannan through the isolation of
α-methyl-d-mannoside.
4 The method described above is similar to that of Hudson and Jackson
4 except that
sulfuric acid, rather than
hydrochloric acid, is used for hydrolysis of the
α-methyl-d-mannoside. Levene
5 has described what is probably the best method for the conversion of mannan to
D-mannose without the isolation of
α-methyl mannoside. The
D-mannose obtained by Levene was predominately the β-isomer.
The electrolytic reduction of
D-mannonic lactone to
D-mannose has been described.
6
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
α-METHYL MANNOSIDE
α-methyl-d-mannoside
ethanol (64-17-5)
sulfuric acid (7664-93-9)
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
acetic acid (64-19-7)
ether (60-29-7)
barium sulfate (7727-43-7)
decolorizing charcoal (Norit) (7782-42-5)
barium hydroxide (17194-00-2)
barium carbonate (513-77-9)
D-Mannose
α-d-mannose
d-mannonic lactone
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