Org. Synth. 1971, 51, 139
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.051.0139
THIOPHENOLS FROM PHENOLS: 2-NAPHTHALENETHIOL
Submitted by Melvin S. Newman
1 and Frederick W. Hetzel
2.
Checked by W. Schilling, R. Keese, and A. Eschenmoser.
1. Procedure
Caution! Benzene has been identified as a carcinogen; OSHA has issued emergency standards on its use. All procedures involving benzene should be carried out in a well-ventilated hood, and glove protection is required.
A. O-2-Naphthyl dimethylthiocarbamate. A solution of 21.6 g. (0.150 mole) of 2-naphthol (Note 1) in 100 ml. of water containing 8.4 g. (0.15 mole) of potassium hydroxide is cooled below 10° in a 500-ml., three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a 125-ml. addition funnel. A solution of 24.8 g. (0.201 mole) of N,N-dimethylthiocarbamyl chloride (Note 2) in 40 ml. of dry tetrahydrofuran (Note 3) is added over 20–30 minutes to the stirred solution at such a rate that the temperature never exceeds 12°. After the addition is complete, the cooling bath is removed and stirring is continued for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture is made alkaline with 50 ml. of 10% potassium hydroxide and shaken three times with 100-ml. portions of benzene. The organic layers are combined, washed with saturated sodium chloride, and dried by filtration through anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent is removed by distillation, giving the crude product. Crystallization from 75 ml. of absolute methanol yields 23.5–25.2 g. (68–73%) of O-2-naphthyl dimethylthiocarbamate, as colorless crystals, m.p. 90–90.5°.
B.
2-Naphthalenethiol. A
250-ml. flask, fitted with a
diffusion tube3 and swept with
nitrogen, is charged with
23.1 g. (0.100 mole) of O-2-naphthyl dimethylthiocarbamate (Note 4). The flask is heated at 270–275° for 45 minutes in a
salt bath (Note 5). After cooling, a solution of
8.4 g. (0.15 mole) of potassium hydroxide in 10 ml. of water and
75 ml. of ethylene glycol is added to the flask. The diffusion tube is replaced with a condenser, and the mixture is heated at reflux for 1 hour
(Note 6). The cooled reaction mixture is poured onto 150 g. of ice. After the ice has melted, the mixture is shaken two times with
150-ml. portions of chloroform. The
chloroform layers are discarded, and the aqueous layer is cautiously acidified with concentrated
hydrochloric acid (Note 7) and shaken three times with
75-ml. portions of chloroform. The organic layers are combined and dried by filtration through anhydrous
magnesium sulfate. The solvent is removed by distillation, yielding
13–15 g. of crude product. Distillation yields
10.3–12.8 g. (
71–80%) of pure
2-naphthalenethiol, b.p.
92–94° (0.4 mm.), m.p.
80–81° (Note 8).
2. Notes
1.
Practical 2-naphthol, obtained from Matheson, Coleman and Bell, was recrystallized twice from
benzene, m.p.
123–124°.
2.
N,N-Dimethylthiocarbamyl chloride can be prepared as described in
Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 4, 310 (1963), or by rapidly adding
740 g. (10.5 moles) of chlorine dissolved in
3 l. of carbon tetrachloride to a stirred, refluxing suspension of
2400 g. (9.982 moles) of tetramethylthiram disulfide (Note 9) in
5 l. of carbon tetrachloride. After the addition is complete, approximately one-half of the solvent is removed by distillation. The reaction mixture is cooled, filtered, removing the precipitated
sulfur, and further concentrated. The residue is distilled, yielding
1980 g. (
80%) of
N,N-dimethylthiocarbamyl chloride, b.p.
65–68° (0.2 mm.).
4.
Crude
O-2-naphthyl dimethylthiocarbamate should not be used in this step as the yield is markedly decreased.
6.
The hydrolysis should be performed in a hood because of the vigorous evolution of
dimethylamine.
7.
The dilute acid solution should be added slowly since foaming results from the evolution of
carbon dioxide.
8.
Purification can be accomplished by recrystallization from
methanol, but the overall yield of pure material is
65–70%.
9.
Tetramethylthiram disulfide was obtained from the Pennwalt Corporation.
3. Discussion
The procedure described is a good, general method
4 for obtaining a thiophenol from the respective phenol. It employs three steps: conversion of a phenol to the
O-aryl dialkylthiocarbamate by treatment with
N,N-dialkylthiocarbonyl chloride; pyrolysis of the
O-aryl dialkylthiocarbamate to the
S-aryl dialkylthiocarbamate; and hydrolysis of the latter to the aryl mercaptan.
Previous preparations of
2-naphthalenethiol have included reduction of
2 naphthylsulfonyl chloride with
zinc and acid
5,6 or
phosphorus and
iodine.
7,8 Alternatively,
2-naphthyldiazonium chloride has been converted to the thiol using
potassium ethyl xanthate and
sodium carbonate.
9
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
tetramethylthiram disulfide
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
Benzene (71-43-2)
methanol (67-56-1)
chloroform (67-66-3)
sodium chloride (7647-14-5)
sodium carbonate (497-19-8)
PHOSPHORUS (7723-14-0)
carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5)
nitrogen (7727-37-9)
2-naphthol (135-19-3)
sulfur (7704-34-9)
carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
iodine (7553-56-2)
chlorine (7782-50-5)
potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3)
zinc (7440-66-6)
ethylene glycol (107-21-1)
dimethylamine (124-40-3)
potassium ethyl xanthate (140-89-6)
magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9)
2-naphthyldiazonium chloride
Tetrahydrofuran (109-99-9)
N,N-dimethylthiocarbamyl chloride (16420-13-6)
2-Naphthalenethiol (91-60-1)
O-2-naphthyl dimethylthiocarbamate (2951-24-8)
2 naphthylsulfonyl chloride (93-11-8)
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